종이 바이오 매스로 리튬 - 유황 전지 제조. Posted by batterymanufactory.com
A
major byproduct in the papermaking industry is lignosulfonate, a
sulfonated carbon waste material, which is typically combusted on site,
releasing CO2 into the atmosphere after sulfur has been captured for reuse.
Now
researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have developed a method
to use this cheap and abundant paper biomass to build a rechargeable
lithium-sulfur battery. Such a battery could be used to power big data
centers as well as provide a cheaper energy-storage option for
microgrids and the traditional electric grid.
"Our research demonstrates the potential of using industrial paper-mill byproducts to design sustainable, low-cost electrode
materials for lithium-sulfur batteries," said Trevor Simmons, a
Rensselaer research scientist who developed the technology with his
colleagues at the Center for Future Energy Systems (CFES). He has
patented the process with former graduate student Rahul Mukherjee.
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries
currently are the dominant battery technology. In recent years,
however, much interest has grown around developing lithium-sulfur
batteries, which can have more than double the energy of their
lithium-ion counterparts of the same mass.
A
rechargeable battery has two electrodes -- a positive cathode and a
negative anode. Placed in between the electrodes is a liquid electrolyte
that serves as a medium for the chemical reactions that produce
electric current. In a lithium-sulfur battery, the cathode is composed
of a sulfur-carbon matrix, and a lithium metal oxide is used for the
anode.
In its
elemental form, sulfur is nonconductive, but when combined with carbon
at elevated temperatures, it becomes highly conductive, allowing it to
be used in novel battery technologies. The challenge, however, is that
sulfur can easily dissolve into a battery's electrolyte, causing the
electrodes on either side to deteriorate after only a few cycles.
Researchers
have used different forms of carbon, such as nanotubes and complex
carbon foams, to confine the sulfur in place, but with limited success.
"Our method provides a simple way to create an optimal sulfur-based
cathode from a single raw material," Simmons said.
To
develop their method, the Rensselaer researchers partnered with Finch
Paper in Glens Falls, which provided the lignosulfonate. This "brown
liquor" (a dark syrupy substance) is dried and then heated to about 700
degrees Celsius in a quartz tube furnace.
The
high heat drives off most of the sulfur gas but retains some of the
sulfur as polysulfides (chains of sulfur atoms) that are embedded deep
within an activated carbon matrix. The heating process is repeated until
the right amount of sulfur is trapped in the carbon matrix. The
material is then ground up and mixed with an inert polymer binder to
create a cathode coating on aluminum foil.
The
research team has so far created a lithium-sulfur battery prototype that
is the size of a watch battery, which can cycle about 200 times. The
next step is to scale up the prototype to markedly increase the
discharge rate and the battery's cycle life.
"In
repurposing this biomass, the researchers working with CFES are making a
significant contribution to environmental preservation while building a
more efficient battery that could provide a much-needed boost for the
energy storage industry," said Martin Byrne, CFES director of business
development.
Initial
funding for the research came from the New York State Pollution
Prevention Institute (NYSP2I). The research team then secured a Bench to
Prototype grant from the New York State Energy Research and Development
Authority, administered through NY-BEST (New York Battery and Energy
Storage Technology), to more fully develop the technology.
Simmons
and his colleagues' novel lithium-sulfur battery research, which could
significantly contribute to the energy-storage industry, is an example
of the vision of The New Polytechnic, an emerging paradigm for teaching,
learning, and research at Rensselaer, the foundation of which is the
recognition that global challenges and opportunities are so great they
cannot be adequately addressed by even the most talented person working
alone. The New Polytechnic is transformative in the global impact of
research, in its innovative pedagogy, and in the lives of students at
Rensselaer.
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